![]() ![]() On the other hand, especially during summer months, convective events (the development of showers and thunderstorms) are considered relevant in cases where they occur either within the space of an hour or less. On one hand, such events display great variability both spatially and temporally. It is more difficult, however, to make reliable statements regarding trends of heavy precipitation events. With regard to the summer months, there has been hardly any change so far. The surface area mean for average precipitation levels has increased by 25 % since winter 1881 / 1882. The most distinct changes have so far been observed for the winter season. Overall, the surface area mean for Germany since 1881 shows an increase in the annual mean precipitation of 8.7 %. Likewise, the amounts of precipitation have increased at times of seasonal change, although this increase is distinctly lower and statistically unproven. In summer the rainfall mean has remained largely unchanged whereas in winter especially, conditions have become significantly more humid. This increase is backed up by statistics, notwithstanding great variability of this index from year to year.Ĭontrary to temperature, there are distinct differences in changes to precipitation in Germany, especially by season but also in spatial terms. The years with the most hot days were 2018, 20. Since 1951 there has been an increase in the number of hot days in terms of the surface area mean for Germany from a mean of approximately three days per annum to a current mean of approx. At the same time, the frequency of intensive hot periods has increased, and the heat intensity has increased nationwide in Germany. The frequency of hot days with a maximum temperature of at least 30 ☌ has increased in Germany nationwide, whereas ice days have become more and more infrequent during the past 60 years. ![]() This change has gone hand in hand with a fall in the number of cold and very cold days and a rise in the number of warm and very warm days. A comparison of the climate reference period (1961–1990) with the actual reference period (1981–2010) confirms that the air temperature mean in Germany rose from 8.2 ☌ to 8.9 ☌. The annual air temperature as an aggregated mean for Germany between 18 was determined statistically to have risen by 1.6 ☌. The oceanic influence, which diminishes from the north-west to the south-east, is responsible for Germany‘s relatively mild winters and moderately hot summers. Altitude of the terrain and distance from the coast are the dominant influences on temperature. The topography of Germany, its low mountain ranges and the different types of landscape they encompass, has a strong influence on the highly varied structure of the climate. This means that the seasons can vary quite considerably from year to year and the climate in Germany is marked by a high level of variability as a result. The prevailing air mass depends on the large-scale circulation pattern. The central European climate shows the influence of moist, mild Atlantic air masses and dry continental air, which is hot in the summer and cold in the winter. Germany is in the warm-temperate mid-latitude climate zone at the point of transition between the maritime climate of western Europe and the continental climate of eastern Europe.
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